Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR) A prothrombin time (PT) test measures how long it takes for a clot to form in a blood sample. An INR (international normalized ratio) is a type of calculation based on PT test results. Prothrombin is a protein made by the liver. It is one of several substances known as clotting (coagulation) factors. When you get a cut or other injury that causes bleeding, your clotting factors work together to form a blood clot. Clotting factor levels that are too low can cause you to bleed too much after an injury. Levels that are too high can cause dangerous clots to form in your arteries or veins. A PT/INR test helps find out if your blood is clotting normally. It also checks to see if the medicine that prevents blood clots is working the way it should. A PT/INR test is used to: 1. See how well warfarin is working. Warfarin is a blood-thinning medicine that's used to treat and prevent dangerous blood clots. (Coumadin is a common brand name for warfarin.) 2. Find out the reason for abnormal blood clots 3. Find out the reason for unusual bleeding 4. Check clotting function before surgery 5. Check for liver problems

Semen Analysis Semen analysis is a test of a man’s sperm and semen. Also known as a sperm count or male fertility test, its results show how many sperm are released, as well as how they're shaped and how well they move Semen is the thick fluid that comes from men’s penis when they ejaculate during sexual activity. It carries sperm out of a man’s body so it can fertilize an egg and create an embryo (the first stage of pregnancy). Why Have a Semen Analysis? If you and your partner are having trouble getting pregnant, one of the first tests your doctor will likely ask for is a semen analysis. While both men and women can have problems, issues with male fertility can play a part in as many as half of all infertility cases. And male infertility is often caused by low sperm production. Another reason you might need a semen analysis is to make sure a vasectomy (a procedure to prevent pregnancy) was successful. It’s usually done 8 to 16 weeks after the surgery to see if you’re still making any healthy sperm.

A stool Hpylori antigen test looks for antigens to H. pylori in your stool. Antigens are substances that trigger an immune response. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that infects the digestive system. Many people with H. pylori will never have symptoms of infection. But for others, the bacteria can cause a variety of digestive disorders. These include gastritis (inflammation of the stomach), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus), and certain types of stomach cancer.

A c-reactive protein test measures the level of c-reactive protein (CRP) in your blood. CRP is a protein made by your liver. It's sent into your bloodstream in response to inflammation. Measure Low-Level inflammation, and infection.

A urinalysis is a test of your urine. It is often done to check for urinary tract infections, kidney problems, or diabetes. You may also have one during a checkup if you are admitted to the hospital, before you have surgery, or if you are pregnant. It can also monitor some medical conditions and treatments. A urinalysis involves checking the urine for: Its color Its appearance (whether it is clear or cloudy) Any odor The pH level (acidity) Whether there are substances that are not normally in urine, such as blood, too much protein, glucose, ketones, and bilirubin Whether there are cells, crystals, and casts (tube-shaped proteins) Whether it contains bacteria or other germs

Triiodothyronine (T3) Tests This test measures the level of triiodothyronine (T3) in your blood. T3 is one of two major hormones made by your thyroid, a small, butterfly-shaped gland located near the throat. The other hormone is called thyroxine (T4.) T3 and T4 work together to regulate how your body uses energy. These hormones also play an important role in controlling your weight, body temperature, muscle strength, and nervous system. The T3 hormone comes in two forms: Bound T3, which attaches to protein Free T3, which does not attach to anything A test that measures both bound and free T3 is called a total T3 test. Another test called free T3 just measures free T3. Either test may be used to check T3 levels. If T3 levels are not normal, it can be a sign of thyroid disease. Other names: thyroid function test; total triiodothyronine, free triiodothyronine, FT3 What is it used for? A T3 test is most often used to diagnose hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the body makes too much thyroid hormone. T3 tests are frequently ordered with T4 and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) tests. A T3 test may also be used to monitor treatment for thyroid disease.

Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Test A rheumatoid factor (RF) test measures the amount of rheumatoid factor (RF) in your blood. Rheumatoid factors are proteins produced by the immune system. Normally, the immune system attacks disease-causing substances like viruses and bacteria. Rheumatoid factors attack healthy joints, glands, or other normal cells by mistake. An RF test is most often used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a type of autoimmune disorder that causes pain, swelling, and stiffness of the joints. Rheumatoid factors may also be a sign of other autoimmune disorders, such as juvenile arthritis, certain infections, and some types of cancer. What is it used for? An RF test is used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune disorders.

Comprehensive Health Check-Up Anemia: Complete blood count (CBC). A CBC is used to count the number of blood cells in a sample of your blood. To help diagnose vitamin deficiency anemias, you might have blood tests that check for the amount of vitamin B-12 Tests: CBC, Vitamin B12 Diabetes: A blood and urine sugar test is a procedure that measures the amount of sugar, or glucose, in your blood and urine. Tests: Glucose Fasting, Blood and Urine Liver: Liver function tests are blood tests used to help diagnose and monitor liver disease or damage. Tests: SGOT/AST, SGPT/AST Kidney: Kidney function tests are blood tests used to help diagnose and monitor liver disease or damage. Tests: Urine Routine, Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid Heart: Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, non-HDL, VLDL Ratios Thyroid: FT3, FT4, TSH Bone: Calcium, Vitamin D

Creatinine Test This test measures creatinine levels in the blood and/or urine. Creatinine is a waste product made by your muscles as part of regular, everyday activity. Normally, your kidneys filter creatinine from your blood and send it out of the body in your urine. If there is a problem with your kidneys, creatinine can build up in the blood, and less will be released in urine. If blood and/or urine creatinine levels are not normal, it can be a sign of kidney disease. What is it used for? A creatinine test is used to see if your kidneys are working normally.

Insulin in Blood This test measures the amount of insulin in your blood. Insulin is a hormone that helps move blood sugar, known as glucose, from your bloodstream into your cells. Glucose comes from the foods you eat and drink. It is your body's main source of energy. Insulin plays a key role in keeping glucose at the right levels. Insulin in blood test is used to: 1. Find out the cause of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) 2. Diagnose or monitor insulin resistance 3. Monitor the condition of people with type 2 diabetes 4. Find out if there is a type of tumor on the pancreas, known as an insulinoma. If the tumor has been removed, the test may be used to see if it has been done successfully.

Malaria Diagnosis – Rapid Diagnostic Test A Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) is an alternate way of quickly establishing the diagnosis of malaria infection by detecting specific malaria antigens in a person’s blood. Malaria tests are used to diagnose malaria. If malaria is diagnosed and treated early, it can usually be cured. Left untreated, malaria can lead to life-threatening complications, including kidney failure, liver failure, and internal bleeding.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This test is usually the first one used to detect infection with HIV. If antibodies to HIV are present (positive), the test is usually repeated to confirm the diagnosis. If ELISA is negative, other tests usually aren't needed. This test has a low chance of having a false result after the first few weeks that a person is infected.